Wednesday, June 27, 2012

Chapter 2 The Biology of the Mind

Neuroscience and Behavior

Chapter 2 Lecture
Student Learning Outcome Chapter 2: 
Explain the major divisions of the nervous system and their basic functions.

The Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System
The Central Nervous System

The Brain
Older Brain Structures
The Cerebral Cortex

Neural Communication
The body’s information system is built from ____________________________________________ called neurons.

Neural Communication
Neurobiologists and other investigators understand that humans and animals operate similarly when processing information.

Neuron
A nerve cell, or a neuron, __________________________________________.

Parts of a Neuron
Cell Body: ____________________________ of the neuron.

__________________: _________ extensions at the cell body. Receive messages from other neurons.

_________: __________________ of a neuron, covered with ___________________________ to insulate and __________________ messages through neurons.

Terminal Branches of axon: Branched endings of an axon that __________________ to other neurons.

Action Potential
A __________________. A brief __________________ that travels down an axon and is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membrane.

Action Potential Properties
__________________: A strong stimulus can trigger more neurons to fire, and to fire more often, but it does not affect the action potential’s ___________________________.

_________ of an action potential _________ the same throughout the length of the axon.

Synapse
Synapse [SIN-aps] __________________ the __________________ of the sending neuron and the ___________________________ of the receiving neuron. This tiny gap is called the ___________________________.

Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters (_________) released from the sending neuron_________ across the synapse and _________ to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing it to ____________________________________.

Neurotransmitters
Divisions of the Nervous System
The Nervous System
Nervous System: Consists of ___________________________. It is the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication system.

Central Nervous System (CNS): the ___________________________.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): ____________________________________ that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the _________.

Kinds of Neurons
_________ Neurons carry incoming information from the __________________ to the _________.
_________ Neurons carry outgoing information from the _________ to ___________________________.

__________________ connect the two neurons.

The Nerves
Nerves consist of neural “_________” containing many _________. They are part of the __________________ system and connect muscles, glands, and sense organs to the __________________ system.
Example: If you are in a car accident and have to get your _________ amputated, the type of nervous system damage you have suffered is to __________________ system.

Peripheral Nervous System Consists of:
Somatic Nervous System: The _________ division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the ___________________________. Helps people react consciously to environmental changes.

Autonomic Nervous System: __________________ part of the PNS that controls the __________________. This system works __________________ and without voluntary input. An example of autonomic control is movement of food through the _________ tract during sleep.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Consists of:
Sympathetic Nervous System: Division of the ANS that _________ the body, mobilizing its energy in _________situations.

Parasympathetic Nervous System: Division of the ANS that _________ the body, _________ its energy.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Sympathetic NS “Arouses”
(fight-or-flight)

Parasympathetic NS “Calms”
(rest and digest)

Central Nervous System
The Brain: 
Older Brain Structures
The _________ is the _________ part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. It is responsible for __________________ functions.

Brainstem
The _________ [muh-DUL-uh] is the ___________________________ that controls heartbeat and breathing.

Brainstem
The Thalamus [THAL-uh-muss] is the brain’s __________________, located on __________________. It __________________ to the sensory areas in the cortex and __________________ to the cerebellum and medulla.

Cerebellum
The “__________________” attached to the __________________. It helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance.

Electroencephalogram (EEG)
An amplified recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s surface, measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

PET Scan
_______________________________________________________________

MRI Scan
_______________________________________________________________

The Limbic System
The Limbic System is a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the _____________________________________________, associated with _______________________________________________________________.

It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and __________________.

Amygdala
The Amygdala [ah-MIG-dah-la] consists of two lima bean-sized neural clusters linked to the _____________________________________________.

Hypothalamus
The Hypothalamus lies below (hypo) the thalamus.  It directs several __________________ like eating, drinking, body temperature, and control of emotions. It helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

The Cerebral Cortex
The intricate ____________________________________ that covers the cerebral hemispheres. It is the body’s __________________and ____________________________________.

Structure of the Cortex
Each brain hemisphere is divided into _________ that are separated by prominent fissures. These lobes are the
__________________ (forehead; speaking, muscle movements, planning, judgment);
__________________ [primary sensory cortex] (top to rear head; receives _________ input for touch and body position);
__________________ (back head; receives information from the _________ fields);
__________________ (lies roughly above the ears; _________ information).

Functions of the Cortex
The __________________ is the area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control _________ movements.
The __________________ (in the parietal lobe) receives information from ___________________________.

DVD and Video Clips
Planning, Life Goals, and the Frontal Lobe (6:25)
Frontal Lobes and Behavior: The Story of Phineas Gage (13:42)
http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=1592

Visual Function
The functional MRI scan shows the visual cortex is active as the subject looks at faces.

Auditory Function
The functional MRI scan shows the auditory cortex is active in patients who hallucinate.

Language
The Brain’s Plasticity
The brain is sculpted by our _________ but also by our _________.

_________ refers to the brain’s ability to __________________ after some types of __________________.

Our Divided Brain
Our brain is divided into two hemispheres.

The _________ hemisphere processes ________________________________. In the 1960s, it was termed as the dominant brain.

The _________ hemisphere is dominant for ___________________________.

In normal people, the two hemispheres work together, are connected, and share information through the __________________.

Splitting the Brain
A procedure in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them.

Split Brain Patients
With the corpus callosum _________, objects (apple) presented in the right visual field __________________. Objects (pencil) in the left visual field _________.

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