Friday, July 20, 2012

COUNCIL #10

Today is your last council, take a moment to say a proper goodbye to your group.




1. Take one full minute to list all that comes to mind on what you are grateful for regarding your council experience or list 10 things you are grateful for. **We will need a time keeper for this exercise 
 
2. How have you benefited from practicing council with your group? What are 2 specific and real life examples that show how council has had a positive impact on you. Please share these 2 stories with your group.
 
3.What have you learned over the last several weeks regarding your ability to listen? What are ways you struggled with listening, and how have you addressed these struggles with your council experience?
 
4. What have you learned over the last severalweeks regarding your ability to share and speak to others? What are ways you have struggled with sharing/speaking, and how have you addressed these struggles with your council experience?
 
5. Please state 2 unique and positive things you can say about each of your group members. Make sure to say their name first then give them your feedback. Reminder we are not giving advice or counseling others here, we are simply giving pure compliments.
 
Paper Exercise - write your name at the top of your paper.

Tuesday, July 10, 2012

Chapter 7 Learning Theories - Council 7, 8, & 9

Chapter 7
Learning Theories
How Do We Learn?

Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s Experiments
Extending Pavlov’s Understanding
Pavlov’s Legacy
Operant Conditioning
Skinner’s Experiments
Extending Skinner’s Understanding
Skinner’s Legacy
Contrasting Classical & Operant Conditioning
Observational Learning
Bandura’s Experiments
Applications of Observational Learning


Definition
Learning (also known as, ________________) is a ________________________________ in an organism’s behavior due to ________________.

Council #7
What is your definition of learning? How have you proven to yourself you learned something? Please share an example.


Think about learning in the classroom. In what ways do you learn? Please share an experience that a specific way of learning actually helped you learn academic material.
Think about learning in the “real world.” Please share a real life experience that taught you a major lesson. What was the lesson about? Why was it important to retain/use?
Why is it important to you to retain information? How has this shown up to be useful in your personal relationships, at work, and at school?



How Do We Learn?
In ________________ Conditioning, we learn by ________________________________________________.

In ________________ Conditioning, we pair a ________________________________________________.

In ________________________________, individuals learn through ________________ others who receive rewards and punishments.

The Most Famous 
Classical Conditioning
Experiment

Ideas of classical conditioning originate from old philosophical theories.  However, it was the ________________________________ who elucidated classical conditioning. His work provided a basis for later behaviorists like ________________.

Let’s Take a Look at 
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s Discovery of Classical Conditioning (3:08)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CpoLxEN54ho


Easier Ways to Remember
 New Terms
“________________” = ________________
“________________” = ________________/innate
“________________” = Learned

“Stimulus” = ________________

“Neutral” = Not causing or reflecting ________________

Pavlov’s Experiments
Famous Classical Conditioning Experiment: Little Albert
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xt0ucxOrPQE

Classical Conditioning Group Discussion:

Identify the:
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Response (CR)
1)  It is springtime and the pollen from the flowers causes you to sneeze.  Soon you are sneezing every time you see a flower.
2) The sight of food makes you hungry.  Soon every time you go into the kitchen, you feel hungry.
3) Every time you take a shower, someone in the house flushes the toilet causing the water to turn cold and you to become cold.  Now every time you hear a toilet flush, you get cold.


Classical Conditioning Also Affects ________________!- How?
1. Sharp objects             27. Being with drunks
2. Being a passenger in a car         28. Illness or injury to loved one
3. Dead bodies             29. Being self-conscious
4. Suffocating             30. Driving a car
5. Failing a test             31. Meeting authority
6. Looking foolish             32. Mental illness
7. Being a passenger in an airplane     33. Closed places
8. Worms             34. Boating
9. Arguing with parents         35. Spiders
10. Rats and mice             36. Thunderstorms
11. Life after death         37. Not being a success
12. Hypodermic needles         38. God
13. Being criticized         39. Snakes
14. Meeting someone for the first time     40. Cemeteries
15. Roller coasters             41. Speaking before a group
16. Being alone             42. Seeing a fight
17. Making mistakes         43. Death of a loved one
18. Being misunderstood         44. Dark places
19. Death             45. Strange dogs
20. Being in a fight         46. Deep water
21. Crowded places         47. Being with a member of the opposite sex
22. Blood            48. Stinging insects
23. Heights             49. Untimely or early death
24. Being a leader             50. Losing a job
25. Swimming alone         51. Auto accidents
26. Illness

Stimulus ________________
Tendency to respond ________________________________ is called generalization.

Stimulus ________________
Discrimination is the ________________________________ between a conditioned stimulus and ________________ that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

Council #8
Has your definition of learning changed? Now, what do you believe it means to have learned something? Share an example of a lesson you learned, and explain how you believe you have learned to keep this lesson with you today.


What is 1 type of Classical Conditioning that you have experienced? What was the learned behavior (conditioned response)? How did you learn this new behavior (what was the neutral stimulus, ucs and ucr)? How does this behavior affect your emotional state?

Did you ever unlearn this behavior? If so, how did you unlearn it? Please explain.

Share a story of when you experience stimulus generalization

Share a story of when you experience stimulus discrimination



One of the largest contributions to our understanding of Operant Conditioning: 
________________ Operant Chamber
Skinner developed the Operant chamber, or the ________________, to study operant conditioning.
Operant Chamber
The operant chamber, or Skinner box, comes with a bar or key ________________________________________________ like food or water. The bar or key is connected to devices that record the ________________.

Shaping: One type of 
Operant Conditioning

________________ the operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through ________________________________.

Operant Conditioning Involves Reinforcers

Reinforcement: Any event that ________________ the behavior ________________.
Remember that a positive reinforcer ________________ something

Negative reinforcers ________________ something.
Negative Reinforcement Exercise
Identify the aversive (unpleasant) stimulus and the behavior being strengthened by its removal.

1. Taking aspirin to relieve a headache.
2. Hurrying home in the winter to get out of the cold.
3. Giving in to a dog’s begging.
4. Fanning oneself to escape the heat.
5. Leaving a movie theater if the movie is bad.
6. Smoking in order to relieve anxiety.
7. Following prison rules in order to be released from confinement.
8. Feigning a stomachache in order to avoid school.
9. Putting on a car safety belt to stop an irritating buzz.
10. Turning down the volume of a very loud radio.
11. Putting up an umbrella to escape the rain.

Other types of reinforcers include:
Primary & Conditioned Reinforcers
________________ Reinforcer: An innately reinforcing stimulus like ________________.

________________ Reinforcer: A ________________that gets its reinforcing power through association with the primary reinforcer.
Punishment
Results in ________________.
Justifies ________________________________.
Causes ________________ to reappear in its absence.
Causes ________________ towards the agent.
Causes one unwanted behavior to appear in ____________________________.


In children, ________________________________________________ the occurrence of these behaviors.

Operant Conditioning Applied To Your Life:
________________________________________________

Identify a behavior that you want to either increase or decrease in your life.
How will you measure your progress on this behavior?
What are some positive reinforcers you can provide yourself to change the behavior? On what schedule will you administer these reinforcers?
How will you monitor and record your progress toward changing the behavior?


Observational Learning
Learning by ________________
Higher animals, especially humans, learn through ________________________________ others.

The monkey on the right ________________ the monkey on the left in touching the pictures in a certain order to obtain a reward.
Mirror Neurons
Neuroscientists discovered ________________ in the brains of animals and humans that are active during observational learning. 
When a monkey ________________ such as grasping, holding or tearing, these neurons fire. But they also fire when the ________________ another monkey performing the same task.
Imitation Onset
Learning by observation begins early in life. This ________________ the adult on TV in pulling a toy apart.

Bandura's Experiments
Bandura's________________ (1961) indicated that individuals (children) learn through imitating others who receive ________________________________.

Applications of Observational Learning
Unfortunately, Bandura’s studies show that antisocial models (family, neighborhood or TV) may have ________________________________.

Positive Observational Learning
Fortunately, ________________________________ models may have prosocial effects.
Television and Observational Learning
Gentile et al., (2004) shows that children in elementary school who are exposed to violent television, videos, and video games express ________________ aggression.

Modeling Violence
Research shows that viewing media violence ________________________________ of aggression.

Council #9
Think of a time when you were punished by a parent, friend, or significant other. Share this experience with your group, and express what your thoughts were during and after the punishment.


How did you respond to being punished? What actions did you have towards your punisher.

We discussed Operant Conditioning, where learning occurs from the consequences of your behavior. Think of a time you learned an important lesson (family, friends, work, or academic), and you were positive reinforced (rewarded). What was the positive reinforcement? Discuss what you learned, and if/how the positive reinforcement (increased your likelihood of applying your lesson in the future).

Think of a time when you experienced negative reinforcement (your behavior is reinforced by removing a negative event). What was the negative reinforcement? Share this experience with your group.

Think of a time you learned through observing others (modeling). Share this experience with your group.

Lastly, when interacting with people/children, what type learning techniques would you use to help someone learn. Explain your answer.




Video Clip
Do Video Games Teach People to Be Violent? (4:30)

http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=678389n&tag=api
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/03/04/60minutes/main678261.shtml

Monday, July 2, 2012

Chapter 12 Personality Theory - Council 4, 5, & 6

Personality Psychology 1, Chapter 12


Personality

COUNCIL #4

How would you describe what a personality consist of? What external/internal factors contributes to the development of a personality?

Is personality fixed or does it change with time? Explain your answer by providing personal examples of your personality fixations/changes.
How has your culture /society impacted 2 of your personality traits. Explain.

How has your family impacted 3 of your personality traits? Explain.

How has media impacted 2 of your personality traits? Explain.

How have you personally contributed to your own personality traits? Please list 3 traits you taught yourself to have and explain how you taught these traits to yourself.

Personality test (“5 Factor Model Test”): http://users.wmin.ac.uk/~buchant/wwwffi/



____________________________________________________________.



Psychoanalytic Perspective

In his clinical practice, Freud encountered patients suffering from ____________________. Their complaints could not be explained in terms of purely ____________________.



Psychodynamic Perspective

Freud’s clinical experience led him to develop the first comprehensive theory of personality, which included the ____________________________________________________________.



Exploring the Unconscious

A reservoir (____________________) of ______________________________, wishes, feelings, and memories. Freud asked patients to say whatever came to their minds (____________________) in order to __________ unconscious.



Dream Analysis

Another method to analyze the unconscious mind is through interpreting __________and __________ contents of dreams.



Psychoanalysis

The process of __________ (chain of __________) leads to painful, embarrassing unconscious __________. Once these memories are retrieved and released (treatment: ____________________) the patient feels better.



Model of Mind

Personality Structure

Personality develops as a result of our efforts to resolve conflicts between our ____________________ and ____________________.



Id, Ego and Superego

The ___________________ strives to satisfy basic ____________________ drives, operating on the __________ principle, demanding __________ gratification.



Personality Development

Freud believed that personality formed during the first few years of life divided into ____________________. During these stages the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on pleasure sensitive body areas called ____________________.



Psychosexual Stages

____________________

____________________ desire for his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.



A girl’s desire for her father is called the ____________________.



Identification

Children cope with threatening feelings by ________________________________________. Through this process of identification, their ____________________________________________________________.



Defense Mechanisms

The ego’s protective methods of ____________________________________________________________.





Council #5



FREUD’S Psychoanalytic theory

What is your behavior mainly guided by when you are with family (your id, ego or superego)? Please share 1 example to support the analysis of yourself.

What is your behavior mainly guided by when you are at school/work (your id, ego or superego)? Please share 1 example to support the analysis of yourself.

What is your behavior mainly guided by when you are with friends (your id, ego or superego)? Please share 1 example to support the analysis of yourself.
Think about a close friend/family member/significant other. What is their behavior mainly guided by (their id, ego or superego)? How do you two interact considering the roles the id, ego and superego have on each of your behaviors?

Pick 1-2 stages you think your personality is most influenced by the most (oral, anal, phallic, latency, or genital)? What stage would Freud say you were fixated on? Explain your answer.

What 2 defense mechanisms do you know you use often? Please share an example of each.

What do you think about Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory? What do you like and dislike about his theory? Explain.

The Neo-Freudians

Like Freud, Adler believed in childhood tensions. However, these tensions were social in nature and not sexual. A child struggles with an ____________________ during growth and strives for __________ and __________.



The Neo-Freudians

Like Adler, Horney believed in the social aspects of childhood growth and development. Horney, __________ Freud’s assumption that women have ____________________ and suffer from “__________”



The Neo-Freudians

__________ believed in the ____________________, which contained a common reservoir of images derived from our species’ past. This is why many cultures share certain myths and images such as the __________ being a ____________________.



Assessing Unconscious Processes

Evaluating personality from an unconscious mind’s perspective would require a psychological instrument (__________) that would reveal the ____________________ mind.



______________________________
(TAT)

Developed by Henry Murray, the TAT is a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the __________________________________________________.



____________________ Inkblot Test

The most widely used projective test uses a set of 10 inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach. It seeks to identify ____________________ by __________ their __________ of the blots.



Projective Tests: Criticisms

Critics argue that projective tests lack both __________ (consistency of results) and __________ (predicting what it is supposed to).



Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective

Personality ______________________________________ and is not fixed in childhood.

Freud ______________________________________, which may be as powerful as parental influence.

Gender identity may develop ___________________ of age.



Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective

There may be other reasons for dreams besides ___________________.

___________________ can be explained on the basis of ___________________ of verbal choices.

Suppressed sexuality leads to psychological disorders. ___________________ has decreased, but psychological disorders have not.



Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective

Freud's psychoanalytic theory rests on the ___________________of painful experiences into the ___________________ mind.



Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective

The scientific merits of Freud’s theory have been criticized. Psychoanalysis is ___________________. Most of its concepts arise out of clinical practice, which are the ______________________________________.



Humanistic Perspective

By the 1960s, psychologists became discontent with _________________________________________________________.



Self-Actualizing Person

Maslow proposed that we as individuals are ______________________________________. Beginning with physiological needs, we try to reach the state of _________________________________________________________.



Person-Centered Perspective

Carl Rogers also believed in an individual's ___________________ tendencies. He said that ______________________________________ is an ___________________ of others despite their failings.



Assessing the Self

All of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in an answer to the question, “___________________” refers to ___________________.



Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective

Humanistic psychology has a pervasive impact on counseling, education, child-rearing, and management with its emphasis on ______________________________________, empathy, and the thought that people are basically ______________________________________.



Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective

Concepts in humanistic psychology are ___________________ and lack scientific basis.

The individualism encouraged can lead to self-indulgence, selfishness, and an erosion of moral restraints.

Humanistic psychology fails to appreciate the reality of our ___________________. It lacks adequate balance between ________________________________.



The Trait Perspective

An individual’s unique constellation of ___________________ and consistent ways of behaving ___________________ his or her personality.



Biology and Personality

Assessing Traits

___________________ are questionnaires (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors assessing several traits at once.



MMPI

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (___________________) is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.



MMPI Test Profile

The Big Five Factors

Today’s trait researchers believe that earlier trait dimensions, such as Eysencks’ personality dimensions, fail to tell the whole story. So, an expanded range (___________________) of traits does a better job of assessment.


Social-Cognitive Perspective

___________________ (1986, 2001, 2005) believes that personality is the result of an interaction that takes place between a person and their social context.



Personal Control

___________________ refers to the perception that chance or ___________________ beyond our personal control determine our fate.



Learned Helplessness

When unable to avoid repeated adverse events an animal or human ___________________.



Optimism vs. Pessimism

An optimistic or pessimistic attributional style is ______________________________________.



Positive Psychology and Humanistic Psychology

Positive psychology, such as humanistic psychology, attempts to foster ___________________. Positive psychology, in addition, seeks ___________________, positive character, and positive ___________________.



Exploring the Self

Research on the self has a long history because the ______________________________________is a critical part of our personality.



Benefits of Self-Esteem

___________________ argued that a successful life results from a healthy ___________________.


Self-Serving Bias

We accept responsibility for good deeds and successes more than for bad deeds and failures. ___________________ is fragile and egotistic whereas ___________________ is less fragile and less dependent on external evaluation.



COUNCIL #6

Are you an extrovert or an introvert? What are 2 things you dislike about being an extrovert/introvert?
What are 3 great things about being an extrovert or introvert based on your personal experience? How have you used being an extrovert/introvert to your advantage in the “real world”?
What is your understanding of self actualization? Do you want to be self actualized? If so, what steps would you need to take now to help you move into the process of self actualization?
Talk about one person that you know and believe is self actualized. Describe their personality. Explain why you believe they are self actualized.
Personality test (“5 Factor Model Test”): http://users.wmin.ac.uk/~buchant/wwwffi/