Wednesday, June 27, 2012

Chapter 2 The Biology of the Mind

Neuroscience and Behavior

Chapter 2 Lecture
Student Learning Outcome Chapter 2: 
Explain the major divisions of the nervous system and their basic functions.

The Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System
The Central Nervous System

The Brain
Older Brain Structures
The Cerebral Cortex

Neural Communication
The body’s information system is built from ____________________________________________ called neurons.

Neural Communication
Neurobiologists and other investigators understand that humans and animals operate similarly when processing information.

Neuron
A nerve cell, or a neuron, __________________________________________.

Parts of a Neuron
Cell Body: ____________________________ of the neuron.

__________________: _________ extensions at the cell body. Receive messages from other neurons.

_________: __________________ of a neuron, covered with ___________________________ to insulate and __________________ messages through neurons.

Terminal Branches of axon: Branched endings of an axon that __________________ to other neurons.

Action Potential
A __________________. A brief __________________ that travels down an axon and is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membrane.

Action Potential Properties
__________________: A strong stimulus can trigger more neurons to fire, and to fire more often, but it does not affect the action potential’s ___________________________.

_________ of an action potential _________ the same throughout the length of the axon.

Synapse
Synapse [SIN-aps] __________________ the __________________ of the sending neuron and the ___________________________ of the receiving neuron. This tiny gap is called the ___________________________.

Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters (_________) released from the sending neuron_________ across the synapse and _________ to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing it to ____________________________________.

Neurotransmitters
Divisions of the Nervous System
The Nervous System
Nervous System: Consists of ___________________________. It is the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication system.

Central Nervous System (CNS): the ___________________________.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): ____________________________________ that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the _________.

Kinds of Neurons
_________ Neurons carry incoming information from the __________________ to the _________.
_________ Neurons carry outgoing information from the _________ to ___________________________.

__________________ connect the two neurons.

The Nerves
Nerves consist of neural “_________” containing many _________. They are part of the __________________ system and connect muscles, glands, and sense organs to the __________________ system.
Example: If you are in a car accident and have to get your _________ amputated, the type of nervous system damage you have suffered is to __________________ system.

Peripheral Nervous System Consists of:
Somatic Nervous System: The _________ division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the ___________________________. Helps people react consciously to environmental changes.

Autonomic Nervous System: __________________ part of the PNS that controls the __________________. This system works __________________ and without voluntary input. An example of autonomic control is movement of food through the _________ tract during sleep.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Consists of:
Sympathetic Nervous System: Division of the ANS that _________ the body, mobilizing its energy in _________situations.

Parasympathetic Nervous System: Division of the ANS that _________ the body, _________ its energy.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Sympathetic NS “Arouses”
(fight-or-flight)

Parasympathetic NS “Calms”
(rest and digest)

Central Nervous System
The Brain: 
Older Brain Structures
The _________ is the _________ part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. It is responsible for __________________ functions.

Brainstem
The _________ [muh-DUL-uh] is the ___________________________ that controls heartbeat and breathing.

Brainstem
The Thalamus [THAL-uh-muss] is the brain’s __________________, located on __________________. It __________________ to the sensory areas in the cortex and __________________ to the cerebellum and medulla.

Cerebellum
The “__________________” attached to the __________________. It helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance.

Electroencephalogram (EEG)
An amplified recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s surface, measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

PET Scan
_______________________________________________________________

MRI Scan
_______________________________________________________________

The Limbic System
The Limbic System is a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the _____________________________________________, associated with _______________________________________________________________.

It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and __________________.

Amygdala
The Amygdala [ah-MIG-dah-la] consists of two lima bean-sized neural clusters linked to the _____________________________________________.

Hypothalamus
The Hypothalamus lies below (hypo) the thalamus.  It directs several __________________ like eating, drinking, body temperature, and control of emotions. It helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

The Cerebral Cortex
The intricate ____________________________________ that covers the cerebral hemispheres. It is the body’s __________________and ____________________________________.

Structure of the Cortex
Each brain hemisphere is divided into _________ that are separated by prominent fissures. These lobes are the
__________________ (forehead; speaking, muscle movements, planning, judgment);
__________________ [primary sensory cortex] (top to rear head; receives _________ input for touch and body position);
__________________ (back head; receives information from the _________ fields);
__________________ (lies roughly above the ears; _________ information).

Functions of the Cortex
The __________________ is the area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control _________ movements.
The __________________ (in the parietal lobe) receives information from ___________________________.

DVD and Video Clips
Planning, Life Goals, and the Frontal Lobe (6:25)
Frontal Lobes and Behavior: The Story of Phineas Gage (13:42)
http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=1592

Visual Function
The functional MRI scan shows the visual cortex is active as the subject looks at faces.

Auditory Function
The functional MRI scan shows the auditory cortex is active in patients who hallucinate.

Language
The Brain’s Plasticity
The brain is sculpted by our _________ but also by our _________.

_________ refers to the brain’s ability to __________________ after some types of __________________.

Our Divided Brain
Our brain is divided into two hemispheres.

The _________ hemisphere processes ________________________________. In the 1960s, it was termed as the dominant brain.

The _________ hemisphere is dominant for ___________________________.

In normal people, the two hemispheres work together, are connected, and share information through the __________________.

Splitting the Brain
A procedure in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them.

Split Brain Patients
With the corpus callosum _________, objects (apple) presented in the right visual field __________________. Objects (pencil) in the left visual field _________.

Tuesday, June 26, 2012

Chapter 15 Social Psychology - Council 2 & 3


Social Psychology Psychology 1,
Chapter 15

Focuses in Social Psychology Attributing Behavior to Persons or to Situations

Attribution Theory: Fritz Heider (1958) suggested that we have a tendency to give causal explanations for someone’s behavior, often by______________________________________________

Attributing Behavior to Persons or to Situations A teacher may wonder whether a child’s hostility reflects an aggressive personality (_______________________attribution) or is a reaction to stress or abuse _______________________ (attribution).

Fundamental Attribution Error The tendency to _____________________________________________________________________ the impact of the situations in analyzing the behaviors of others leads to the fundamental attribution error.

Role Playing Affects Attitudes Zimbardo (1972) assigned the roles of guards and prisoners to random students and found that ___________________________________________________________________ Every culture has:

Social roles – Culturally determined guidelines of _______________ that is expected of people, many different _________

Social norms – __________________ provided by every culture for judging acceptable and unacceptable behavior (spoken and unspoken rules).

Social Influence The greatest contribution of social psychology is its study of attitudes, beliefs, decisions, and actions and the way they are molded by social influence.

Conformity & Obedience Behavior is contagious, modeled by one followed by another. We follow behavior of others to ______________________

Other behaviors may be an expression of compliance (obedience) toward authority.

Group Pressure &; Conformity An influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality.

Council 2

1. List 2 social roles you play out either in your family or work. Discuss how 1 of these impacts your behavior. Share how this social role may influence your overall personality.

2. Think about a time when you felt pressure to conform to a social role or norm. What was the role or norm that was expected of you? What kind of pressure did you feel (how was it expressed)? How did you respond to it?

3. Think about a time when you realized that the image you had of yourself changed. What changed about how you saw yourself, and what made it change? How did your attitude toward yourself change afterward? What about your attitude toward others?

4. What are your thoughts, do people conform on a regular/irregular basis? Are we mindless zombies? Explain your answer. Deindividuation The loss of ______________________________________ in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

Groupthink A mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for ______________ in a decision-making group _______________________________ appraisal of alternatives.

Prejudice Simply called “prejudgment,” a prejudice is an ___________________________________________ toward a group and its members.

Prejudice is often directed towards different cultural, ethnic, or gender groups. Reign of Prejudice Prejudice works at the conscious and [more at] the unconscious level. Therefore, prejudice is more like a ______________________________________________________________________

How Prejudiced are People?

Over the duration of time many prejudices against interracial marriage, gender, homosexuality, and minorities have decreased. Racial &; Gender Prejudice Americans today express much less racial and gender prejudice, but prejudices still exist. Race Nine out of ten white respondents were slow when responding to words like “peace” or “paradise” when they saw a black individual’s photo compared to a white individual’s photo (Hugenberg & Bodenhausen, 2003). Gender Most women still live in more poverty than men. About 100,000,000 women are missing in the world. There is a preference for male children in China and India, even with sex-selected abortion outlawed. Social Roots of Prejudice

Why does prejudice arise?

Social Inequality Prejudice develops when people have money, power, and prestige, and _______________________. _______________________________ increases prejudice. Us and

Them Ingroup: People with whom one shares a _____________________________. Outgroup:
Those perceived as different from one’s ingroup.

Ingroup Bias: The tendency to ________________________________ Emotional Roots of Prejudice Prejudice provides an outlet for ____________________] by providing someone to ___________.
After 9/11 many people lashed out against innocent Arab-Americans.

Council #3
1. Think of a time you were treated based on a stereotype someone had of your group (this can be based on your ethnicity, gender, sexuality, religion). Explain what was said to you and how you responded.

2. How did you feel about what was said?. How did you respond? How has this situation impacted your view on the world, others, or yourself?

3. Share a story of when you have actively, peacefully, and maturely combated a stereotype you experienced. Describe what was said and your approach in resolving the issue. If this question does not apply, imagine and state how you would have responded to maturely to question #1 and #2.

4. Lets challenge society to be more accepting by modeling accepting and loving behavior. You in? Describe one way you can challenge one of your own stereotypes/prejudice.

Monday, June 25, 2012

Chapter 1 Introduction to Psychology - Council 1

COUNCIL #1
Play the name game (name + 2 favorite people in the world).

Tell your group members your name, major, career goals.

What are 3 things you wish people could know about you when they first meet you but wont know about you until they get to know you?
Discuss 4 things you would love to do if money and time were available to you. Please describe each.

What is your earliest memory? Paint a picture of this memory using words by describing what you saw, heard, smelled, tasted, etc. Describe what happened.
State 2 things you enjoyed about council today.

Obtain the email/number of each of your council members





The required textbook
for this course is
David Myers’
Exploring
Psychology,
Eighth Edition
(©2010, Worth)
(bundled in the bookstore with the Scientific American Reader)
ISBN-10: 1429216352
ISBN-13: 978-1429216357



GUIDELINES FOR STUDYING PSYCHOLOGY
Learn the ____________ who developed theories (ideas) in Psychology.

Learn theories well (understand each concept).

Learn ____________ within theories.

Research the advantages and disadvantages of theories to develop your critical thinking.

Review your notes and/or book ____________ before every class!

Write down ____________ learned during lecture, ask your ____________ define words for your or look them up, and practice using them immediately.





Student Learning Outcome, Chapter 1: 

Explain the steps of the scientific method and how it helps distinguish science from _________________.



Lecture Overview
What is Psychology?

Psychology’s Roots

Contemporary Psychology



Why Do Psychology?
What About Intuition and Common Sense?

The Scientific Attitude

Critical Thinking



How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?
The Scientific Method

Description

Correlation

Experimentation



Psychology’s Roots
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle, a naturalist and philosopher, theorized about psychology’s concepts. He suggested that the _______________________________ and that ____________________________.



Psychological Science is Born
________ and psychology’s first graduate students studied the “atoms of the mind” by conducting experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in 1879. This work is considered the birth of psychology as we know it today.



Psychological Science is Born
American philosopher ___________ wrote an important psychology textbook in 1890.
__________, James’s student, became the APA’s first female president


Psychological Science is Born
_________________, an Austrian physician, and his followers emphasized the importance of the _________________ and its effects on human ___________.



Psychological Science is Born
Psychology originated in many disciplines and countries. It was, until the 19____, defined as the ________________________________.

 
Psychological Science Develops
Behaviorist

__________________________________ emphasized the study of _________ behavior as the subject matter of scientific psychology.

Psychological Science Develops
Humanistic Psychology

__________________________________ emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential and our need for __________________________________.


Talk to a partner
How would you define psychology?

Psychology Today
We define psychology today as the __________________________________ (what we do) and _________________ (inner thoughts and feelings).

 

Psychology’s Big Question
____________ (Biology) versus _____________ (Environment)

Today’s psychologists explore the nature-nurture issue by asking questions such as:



Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis
chart in book



Psychology’s Subfields: Research
chart in book



Psychology’s Subfields: Research
chart in book



Psychology’s Subfields: Applied
chart in book



Psychology’s Subfields: Applied
chart in book



Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry
A clinical psychologist (Ph.D.) studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with psychotherapy.



Psychiatrists on the other hand are medical professionals (M.D.) who use treatments like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients.


ACTIVITY
Write down 1-3 question on a piece of paper that is related to your interest or curiosity in Psychology.
Please do not ask “What is Psychology?”


Why Do Psychology?
The science of psychology helps make these examined conclusions, which leads to our understanding of how people ____________________________



The Scientific Attitude
Critical Thinking

Critical thinking does not accept arguments and _________________.

It examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, _________________ and assesses conclusions.



Critical Thinking
How can you engage in critical thinking and be a skeptical consumer of information when you are reading a news report or listening to a conversation?



Ask questions!
How do they know that?

What is this person’s _______?

Is the conclusion based on anecdote and gut feelings, or on evidence?

Does the evidence _______ a cause-effect conclusion?

What ___________ explanations are possible?



How Do Psychologists Ask & Answer Questions?
Psychologists, like all scientists, use the _____________________ construct theories that _______, summarize and simplify ______________. The scientific method helps facilitate critical thinking.



Revisit
What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?



Theory
A _______ is an explanation that integrates principles and organizes and _______ behavior or events.



For example, ____________________________ to depression.



Hypothesis
A _______ is a testable statement that describes the ____________________________ or more _______. Note: the hypothesis below is measurable!



People with ___________________________________ more depressed.



Research Observations
Research would require us to administer tests of self-esteem and depression. Individuals who score_______ on a self-esteem test and _______ on a depression test would confirm our hypothesis.



RESEARCH METHODS
Descriptive

Survey, Naturalistic Observation

Correlation
Correlation coefficient

Correlation does not equal causation!

 
Formal Experiment (a.k.a. Experiment)
control group, experimental group

 
Descriptive Methods of Research
Case Study


 
Survey
A technique for ascertaining the _____________________, opinions or behaviors of people usually done by questioning a ______________, random sample of people.

 
Naturalistic Observation
Observing and recording the behavior of ______________and recording self-seating patterns in a multiracial school lunch room constitute naturalistic observation.

ANOTHER TYPE OF RESEARCH METHOD: CORRELATION
Correlation Coefficient is a ______________ of the relationship between______________.