Today is your last council, take a moment to say a proper goodbye to your group.
1. Take one full minute to list all that comes to mind on what you are grateful for regarding your council experience or list 10 things you are grateful for. **We will need a time keeper for this exercise
2. How have you benefited from practicing council with your group? What are 2 specific and real life examples that show how council has had a positive impact on you. Please share these 2 stories with your group.
3.What have you learned over the last several weeks regarding your ability to listen? What are ways you struggled with listening, and how have you addressed these struggles with your council experience?
4. What have you learned over the last severalweeks regarding your ability to share and speak to others? What are ways you have struggled with sharing/speaking, and how have you addressed these struggles with your council experience?
5. Please state 2 unique and positive things you can say about each of your group members. Make sure to say their name first then give them your feedback. Reminder we are not giving advice or counseling others here, we are simply giving pure compliments.
Paper Exercise - write your name at the top of your paper.
Friday, July 20, 2012
Tuesday, July 10, 2012
Chapter 7 Learning Theories - Council 7, 8, & 9
Chapter 7
Learning Theories
How Do We Learn?
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s Experiments
Extending Pavlov’s Understanding
Pavlov’s Legacy
Operant Conditioning
Skinner’s Experiments
Extending Skinner’s Understanding
Skinner’s Legacy
Contrasting Classical & Operant Conditioning
Observational Learning
Bandura’s Experiments
Applications of Observational Learning
Definition
Learning (also known as, ________________) is a ________________________________ in an organism’s behavior due to ________________.
Council #7
What is your definition of learning? How have you proven to yourself you learned something? Please share an example.
Think about learning in the classroom. In what ways do you learn? Please share an experience that a specific way of learning actually helped you learn academic material.
Think about learning in the “real world.” Please share a real life experience that taught you a major lesson. What was the lesson about? Why was it important to retain/use?
Why is it important to you to retain information? How has this shown up to be useful in your personal relationships, at work, and at school?
How Do We Learn?
In ________________ Conditioning, we learn by ________________________________________________.
In ________________ Conditioning, we pair a ________________________________________________.
In ________________________________, individuals learn through ________________ others who receive rewards and punishments.
The Most Famous Classical Conditioning Experiment
Ideas of classical conditioning originate from old philosophical theories. However, it was the ________________________________ who elucidated classical conditioning. His work provided a basis for later behaviorists like ________________.
Let’s Take a Look at Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s Discovery of Classical Conditioning (3:08)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CpoLxEN54ho
Easier Ways to Remember New Terms
“________________” = ________________
“________________” = ________________/innate
“________________” = Learned
“Stimulus” = ________________
“Neutral” = Not causing or reflecting ________________
Pavlov’s Experiments
Famous Classical Conditioning Experiment: Little Albert
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xt0ucxOrPQE
Classical Conditioning Group Discussion:
Identify the:
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Response (CR)
1) It is springtime and the pollen from the flowers causes you to sneeze. Soon you are sneezing every time you see a flower.
2) The sight of food makes you hungry. Soon every time you go into the kitchen, you feel hungry.
3) Every time you take a shower, someone in the house flushes the toilet causing the water to turn cold and you to become cold. Now every time you hear a toilet flush, you get cold.
Classical Conditioning Also Affects ________________!- How?
1. Sharp objects 27. Being with drunks
2. Being a passenger in a car 28. Illness or injury to loved one
3. Dead bodies 29. Being self-conscious
4. Suffocating 30. Driving a car
5. Failing a test 31. Meeting authority
6. Looking foolish 32. Mental illness
7. Being a passenger in an airplane 33. Closed places
8. Worms 34. Boating
9. Arguing with parents 35. Spiders
10. Rats and mice 36. Thunderstorms
11. Life after death 37. Not being a success
12. Hypodermic needles 38. God
13. Being criticized 39. Snakes
14. Meeting someone for the first time 40. Cemeteries
15. Roller coasters 41. Speaking before a group
16. Being alone 42. Seeing a fight
17. Making mistakes 43. Death of a loved one
18. Being misunderstood 44. Dark places
19. Death 45. Strange dogs
20. Being in a fight 46. Deep water
21. Crowded places 47. Being with a member of the opposite sex
22. Blood 48. Stinging insects
23. Heights 49. Untimely or early death
24. Being a leader 50. Losing a job
25. Swimming alone 51. Auto accidents
26. Illness
Stimulus ________________
Tendency to respond ________________________________ is called generalization.
Stimulus ________________
Discrimination is the ________________________________ between a conditioned stimulus and ________________ that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
Council #8
Has your definition of learning changed? Now, what do you believe it means to have learned something? Share an example of a lesson you learned, and explain how you believe you have learned to keep this lesson with you today.
What is 1 type of Classical Conditioning that you have experienced? What was the learned behavior (conditioned response)? How did you learn this new behavior (what was the neutral stimulus, ucs and ucr)? How does this behavior affect your emotional state?
Did you ever unlearn this behavior? If so, how did you unlearn it? Please explain.
Share a story of when you experience stimulus generalization
Share a story of when you experience stimulus discrimination
One of the largest contributions to our understanding of Operant Conditioning: ________________ Operant Chamber
Skinner developed the Operant chamber, or the ________________, to study operant conditioning.
Operant Chamber
The operant chamber, or Skinner box, comes with a bar or key ________________________________________________ like food or water. The bar or key is connected to devices that record the ________________.
Shaping: One type of Operant Conditioning
________________ the operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through ________________________________.
Operant Conditioning Involves Reinforcers
Reinforcement: Any event that ________________ the behavior ________________.
Remember that a positive reinforcer ________________ something
Negative reinforcers ________________ something.
Negative Reinforcement Exercise
Identify the aversive (unpleasant) stimulus and the behavior being strengthened by its removal.
1. Taking aspirin to relieve a headache.
2. Hurrying home in the winter to get out of the cold.
3. Giving in to a dog’s begging.
4. Fanning oneself to escape the heat.
5. Leaving a movie theater if the movie is bad.
6. Smoking in order to relieve anxiety.
7. Following prison rules in order to be released from confinement.
8. Feigning a stomachache in order to avoid school.
9. Putting on a car safety belt to stop an irritating buzz.
10. Turning down the volume of a very loud radio.
11. Putting up an umbrella to escape the rain.
Other types of reinforcers include: Primary & Conditioned Reinforcers
________________ Reinforcer: An innately reinforcing stimulus like ________________.
________________ Reinforcer: A ________________that gets its reinforcing power through association with the primary reinforcer.
Punishment
Results in ________________.
Justifies ________________________________.
Causes ________________ to reappear in its absence.
Causes ________________ towards the agent.
Causes one unwanted behavior to appear in ____________________________.
In children, ________________________________________________ the occurrence of these behaviors.
Operant Conditioning Applied To Your Life: ________________________________________________
Identify a behavior that you want to either increase or decrease in your life.
How will you measure your progress on this behavior?
What are some positive reinforcers you can provide yourself to change the behavior? On what schedule will you administer these reinforcers?
How will you monitor and record your progress toward changing the behavior?
Observational Learning
Learning by ________________
Higher animals, especially humans, learn through ________________________________ others.
The monkey on the right ________________ the monkey on the left in touching the pictures in a certain order to obtain a reward.
Mirror Neurons
Neuroscientists discovered ________________ in the brains of animals and humans that are active during observational learning.
When a monkey ________________ such as grasping, holding or tearing, these neurons fire. But they also fire when the ________________ another monkey performing the same task.
Imitation Onset
Learning by observation begins early in life. This ________________ the adult on TV in pulling a toy apart.
Bandura's Experiments
Bandura's________________ (1961) indicated that individuals (children) learn through imitating others who receive ________________________________.
Applications of Observational Learning
Unfortunately, Bandura’s studies show that antisocial models (family, neighborhood or TV) may have ________________________________.
Positive Observational Learning
Fortunately, ________________________________ models may have prosocial effects.
Television and Observational Learning
Gentile et al., (2004) shows that children in elementary school who are exposed to violent television, videos, and video games express ________________ aggression.
Modeling Violence
Research shows that viewing media violence ________________________________ of aggression.
Council #9
Think of a time when you were punished by a parent, friend, or significant other. Share this experience with your group, and express what your thoughts were during and after the punishment.
How did you respond to being punished? What actions did you have towards your punisher.
We discussed Operant Conditioning, where learning occurs from the consequences of your behavior. Think of a time you learned an important lesson (family, friends, work, or academic), and you were positive reinforced (rewarded). What was the positive reinforcement? Discuss what you learned, and if/how the positive reinforcement (increased your likelihood of applying your lesson in the future).
Think of a time when you experienced negative reinforcement (your behavior is reinforced by removing a negative event). What was the negative reinforcement? Share this experience with your group.
Think of a time you learned through observing others (modeling). Share this experience with your group.
Lastly, when interacting with people/children, what type learning techniques would you use to help someone learn. Explain your answer.
Video Clip
Do Video Games Teach People to Be Violent? (4:30)
http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=678389n&tag=api
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/03/04/60minutes/main678261.shtml
Learning Theories
How Do We Learn?
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s Experiments
Extending Pavlov’s Understanding
Pavlov’s Legacy
Operant Conditioning
Skinner’s Experiments
Extending Skinner’s Understanding
Skinner’s Legacy
Contrasting Classical & Operant Conditioning
Observational Learning
Bandura’s Experiments
Applications of Observational Learning
Definition
Learning (also known as, ________________) is a ________________________________ in an organism’s behavior due to ________________.
Council #7
What is your definition of learning? How have you proven to yourself you learned something? Please share an example.
Think about learning in the classroom. In what ways do you learn? Please share an experience that a specific way of learning actually helped you learn academic material.
Think about learning in the “real world.” Please share a real life experience that taught you a major lesson. What was the lesson about? Why was it important to retain/use?
Why is it important to you to retain information? How has this shown up to be useful in your personal relationships, at work, and at school?
How Do We Learn?
In ________________ Conditioning, we learn by ________________________________________________.
In ________________ Conditioning, we pair a ________________________________________________.
In ________________________________, individuals learn through ________________ others who receive rewards and punishments.
The Most Famous Classical Conditioning Experiment
Ideas of classical conditioning originate from old philosophical theories. However, it was the ________________________________ who elucidated classical conditioning. His work provided a basis for later behaviorists like ________________.
Let’s Take a Look at Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s Discovery of Classical Conditioning (3:08)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CpoLxEN54ho
Easier Ways to Remember New Terms
“________________” = ________________
“________________” = ________________/innate
“________________” = Learned
“Stimulus” = ________________
“Neutral” = Not causing or reflecting ________________
Pavlov’s Experiments
Famous Classical Conditioning Experiment: Little Albert
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xt0ucxOrPQE
Classical Conditioning Group Discussion:
Identify the:
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Response (CR)
1) It is springtime and the pollen from the flowers causes you to sneeze. Soon you are sneezing every time you see a flower.
2) The sight of food makes you hungry. Soon every time you go into the kitchen, you feel hungry.
3) Every time you take a shower, someone in the house flushes the toilet causing the water to turn cold and you to become cold. Now every time you hear a toilet flush, you get cold.
Classical Conditioning Also Affects ________________!- How?
1. Sharp objects 27. Being with drunks
2. Being a passenger in a car 28. Illness or injury to loved one
3. Dead bodies 29. Being self-conscious
4. Suffocating 30. Driving a car
5. Failing a test 31. Meeting authority
6. Looking foolish 32. Mental illness
7. Being a passenger in an airplane 33. Closed places
8. Worms 34. Boating
9. Arguing with parents 35. Spiders
10. Rats and mice 36. Thunderstorms
11. Life after death 37. Not being a success
12. Hypodermic needles 38. God
13. Being criticized 39. Snakes
14. Meeting someone for the first time 40. Cemeteries
15. Roller coasters 41. Speaking before a group
16. Being alone 42. Seeing a fight
17. Making mistakes 43. Death of a loved one
18. Being misunderstood 44. Dark places
19. Death 45. Strange dogs
20. Being in a fight 46. Deep water
21. Crowded places 47. Being with a member of the opposite sex
22. Blood 48. Stinging insects
23. Heights 49. Untimely or early death
24. Being a leader 50. Losing a job
25. Swimming alone 51. Auto accidents
26. Illness
Stimulus ________________
Tendency to respond ________________________________ is called generalization.
Stimulus ________________
Discrimination is the ________________________________ between a conditioned stimulus and ________________ that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
Council #8
Has your definition of learning changed? Now, what do you believe it means to have learned something? Share an example of a lesson you learned, and explain how you believe you have learned to keep this lesson with you today.
What is 1 type of Classical Conditioning that you have experienced? What was the learned behavior (conditioned response)? How did you learn this new behavior (what was the neutral stimulus, ucs and ucr)? How does this behavior affect your emotional state?
Did you ever unlearn this behavior? If so, how did you unlearn it? Please explain.
Share a story of when you experience stimulus generalization
Share a story of when you experience stimulus discrimination
One of the largest contributions to our understanding of Operant Conditioning: ________________ Operant Chamber
Skinner developed the Operant chamber, or the ________________, to study operant conditioning.
Operant Chamber
The operant chamber, or Skinner box, comes with a bar or key ________________________________________________ like food or water. The bar or key is connected to devices that record the ________________.
Shaping: One type of Operant Conditioning
________________ the operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through ________________________________.
Operant Conditioning Involves Reinforcers
Reinforcement: Any event that ________________ the behavior ________________.
Remember that a positive reinforcer ________________ something
Negative reinforcers ________________ something.
Negative Reinforcement Exercise
Identify the aversive (unpleasant) stimulus and the behavior being strengthened by its removal.
1. Taking aspirin to relieve a headache.
2. Hurrying home in the winter to get out of the cold.
3. Giving in to a dog’s begging.
4. Fanning oneself to escape the heat.
5. Leaving a movie theater if the movie is bad.
6. Smoking in order to relieve anxiety.
7. Following prison rules in order to be released from confinement.
8. Feigning a stomachache in order to avoid school.
9. Putting on a car safety belt to stop an irritating buzz.
10. Turning down the volume of a very loud radio.
11. Putting up an umbrella to escape the rain.
Other types of reinforcers include: Primary & Conditioned Reinforcers
________________ Reinforcer: An innately reinforcing stimulus like ________________.
________________ Reinforcer: A ________________that gets its reinforcing power through association with the primary reinforcer.
Punishment
Results in ________________.
Justifies ________________________________.
Causes ________________ to reappear in its absence.
Causes ________________ towards the agent.
Causes one unwanted behavior to appear in ____________________________.
In children, ________________________________________________ the occurrence of these behaviors.
Operant Conditioning Applied To Your Life: ________________________________________________
Identify a behavior that you want to either increase or decrease in your life.
How will you measure your progress on this behavior?
What are some positive reinforcers you can provide yourself to change the behavior? On what schedule will you administer these reinforcers?
How will you monitor and record your progress toward changing the behavior?
Observational Learning
Learning by ________________
Higher animals, especially humans, learn through ________________________________ others.
The monkey on the right ________________ the monkey on the left in touching the pictures in a certain order to obtain a reward.
Mirror Neurons
Neuroscientists discovered ________________ in the brains of animals and humans that are active during observational learning.
When a monkey ________________ such as grasping, holding or tearing, these neurons fire. But they also fire when the ________________ another monkey performing the same task.
Imitation Onset
Learning by observation begins early in life. This ________________ the adult on TV in pulling a toy apart.
Bandura's Experiments
Bandura's________________ (1961) indicated that individuals (children) learn through imitating others who receive ________________________________.
Applications of Observational Learning
Unfortunately, Bandura’s studies show that antisocial models (family, neighborhood or TV) may have ________________________________.
Positive Observational Learning
Fortunately, ________________________________ models may have prosocial effects.
Television and Observational Learning
Gentile et al., (2004) shows that children in elementary school who are exposed to violent television, videos, and video games express ________________ aggression.
Modeling Violence
Research shows that viewing media violence ________________________________ of aggression.
Council #9
Think of a time when you were punished by a parent, friend, or significant other. Share this experience with your group, and express what your thoughts were during and after the punishment.
How did you respond to being punished? What actions did you have towards your punisher.
We discussed Operant Conditioning, where learning occurs from the consequences of your behavior. Think of a time you learned an important lesson (family, friends, work, or academic), and you were positive reinforced (rewarded). What was the positive reinforcement? Discuss what you learned, and if/how the positive reinforcement (increased your likelihood of applying your lesson in the future).
Think of a time when you experienced negative reinforcement (your behavior is reinforced by removing a negative event). What was the negative reinforcement? Share this experience with your group.
Think of a time you learned through observing others (modeling). Share this experience with your group.
Lastly, when interacting with people/children, what type learning techniques would you use to help someone learn. Explain your answer.
Video Clip
Do Video Games Teach People to Be Violent? (4:30)
http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=678389n&tag=api
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/03/04/60minutes/main678261.shtml
Monday, July 2, 2012
Chapter 12 Personality Theory - Council 4, 5, & 6
Personality Psychology 1, Chapter 12
Personality
COUNCIL #4
How would you describe what a personality consist of? What external/internal factors contributes to the development of a personality?
Is personality fixed or does it change with time? Explain your answer by providing personal examples of your personality fixations/changes.
How has your culture /society impacted 2 of your personality traits. Explain.
How has your family impacted 3 of your personality traits? Explain.
How has media impacted 2 of your personality traits? Explain.
How have you personally contributed to your own personality traits? Please list 3 traits you taught yourself to have and explain how you taught these traits to yourself.
Personality test (“5 Factor Model Test”): http://users.wmin.ac.uk/~buchant/wwwffi/
____________________________________________________________.
Psychoanalytic Perspective
In his clinical practice, Freud encountered patients suffering from ____________________. Their complaints could not be explained in terms of purely ____________________.
Psychodynamic Perspective
Freud’s clinical experience led him to develop the first comprehensive theory of personality, which included the ____________________________________________________________.
Exploring the Unconscious
A reservoir (____________________) of ______________________________, wishes, feelings, and memories. Freud asked patients to say whatever came to their minds (____________________) in order to __________ unconscious.
Dream Analysis
Another method to analyze the unconscious mind is through interpreting __________and __________ contents of dreams.
Psychoanalysis
The process of __________ (chain of __________) leads to painful, embarrassing unconscious __________. Once these memories are retrieved and released (treatment: ____________________) the patient feels better.
Model of Mind
Personality Structure
Personality develops as a result of our efforts to resolve conflicts between our ____________________ and ____________________.
Id, Ego and Superego
The ___________________ strives to satisfy basic ____________________ drives, operating on the __________ principle, demanding __________ gratification.
Personality Development
Freud believed that personality formed during the first few years of life divided into ____________________. During these stages the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on pleasure sensitive body areas called ____________________.
Psychosexual Stages
____________________
____________________ desire for his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.
A girl’s desire for her father is called the ____________________.
Identification
Children cope with threatening feelings by ________________________________________. Through this process of identification, their ____________________________________________________________.
Defense Mechanisms
The ego’s protective methods of ____________________________________________________________.
Council #5
FREUD’S Psychoanalytic theory
What is your behavior mainly guided by when you are with family (your id, ego or superego)? Please share 1 example to support the analysis of yourself.
What is your behavior mainly guided by when you are at school/work (your id, ego or superego)? Please share 1 example to support the analysis of yourself.
What is your behavior mainly guided by when you are with friends (your id, ego or superego)? Please share 1 example to support the analysis of yourself.
Think about a close friend/family member/significant other. What is their behavior mainly guided by (their id, ego or superego)? How do you two interact considering the roles the id, ego and superego have on each of your behaviors?
Pick 1-2 stages you think your personality is most influenced by the most (oral, anal, phallic, latency, or genital)? What stage would Freud say you were fixated on? Explain your answer.
What 2 defense mechanisms do you know you use often? Please share an example of each.
What do you think about Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory? What do you like and dislike about his theory? Explain.
The Neo-Freudians
Like Freud, Adler believed in childhood tensions. However, these tensions were social in nature and not sexual. A child struggles with an ____________________ during growth and strives for __________ and __________.
The Neo-Freudians
Like Adler, Horney believed in the social aspects of childhood growth and development. Horney, __________ Freud’s assumption that women have ____________________ and suffer from “__________”
The Neo-Freudians
__________ believed in the ____________________, which contained a common reservoir of images derived from our species’ past. This is why many cultures share certain myths and images such as the __________ being a ____________________.
Assessing Unconscious Processes
Evaluating personality from an unconscious mind’s perspective would require a psychological instrument (__________) that would reveal the ____________________ mind.
______________________________ (TAT)
Developed by Henry Murray, the TAT is a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the __________________________________________________.
____________________ Inkblot Test
The most widely used projective test uses a set of 10 inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach. It seeks to identify ____________________ by __________ their __________ of the blots.
Projective Tests: Criticisms
Critics argue that projective tests lack both __________ (consistency of results) and __________ (predicting what it is supposed to).
Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective
Personality ______________________________________ and is not fixed in childhood.
Freud ______________________________________, which may be as powerful as parental influence.
Gender identity may develop ___________________ of age.
Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective
There may be other reasons for dreams besides ___________________.
___________________ can be explained on the basis of ___________________ of verbal choices.
Suppressed sexuality leads to psychological disorders. ___________________ has decreased, but psychological disorders have not.
Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective
Freud's psychoanalytic theory rests on the ___________________of painful experiences into the ___________________ mind.
Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective
The scientific merits of Freud’s theory have been criticized. Psychoanalysis is ___________________. Most of its concepts arise out of clinical practice, which are the ______________________________________.
Humanistic Perspective
By the 1960s, psychologists became discontent with _________________________________________________________.
Self-Actualizing Person
Maslow proposed that we as individuals are ______________________________________. Beginning with physiological needs, we try to reach the state of _________________________________________________________.
Person-Centered Perspective
Carl Rogers also believed in an individual's ___________________ tendencies. He said that ______________________________________ is an ___________________ of others despite their failings.
Assessing the Self
All of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in an answer to the question, “___________________” refers to ___________________.
Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective
Humanistic psychology has a pervasive impact on counseling, education, child-rearing, and management with its emphasis on ______________________________________, empathy, and the thought that people are basically ______________________________________.
Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective
Concepts in humanistic psychology are ___________________ and lack scientific basis.
The individualism encouraged can lead to self-indulgence, selfishness, and an erosion of moral restraints.
Humanistic psychology fails to appreciate the reality of our ___________________. It lacks adequate balance between ________________________________.
The Trait Perspective
An individual’s unique constellation of ___________________ and consistent ways of behaving ___________________ his or her personality.
Biology and Personality
Assessing Traits
___________________ are questionnaires (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors assessing several traits at once.
MMPI
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (___________________) is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
MMPI Test Profile
The Big Five Factors
Today’s trait researchers believe that earlier trait dimensions, such as Eysencks’ personality dimensions, fail to tell the whole story. So, an expanded range (___________________) of traits does a better job of assessment.
Social-Cognitive Perspective
___________________ (1986, 2001, 2005) believes that personality is the result of an interaction that takes place between a person and their social context.
Personal Control
___________________ refers to the perception that chance or ___________________ beyond our personal control determine our fate.
Learned Helplessness
When unable to avoid repeated adverse events an animal or human ___________________.
Optimism vs. Pessimism
An optimistic or pessimistic attributional style is ______________________________________.
Positive Psychology and Humanistic Psychology
Positive psychology, such as humanistic psychology, attempts to foster ___________________. Positive psychology, in addition, seeks ___________________, positive character, and positive ___________________.
Exploring the Self
Research on the self has a long history because the ______________________________________is a critical part of our personality.
Benefits of Self-Esteem
___________________ argued that a successful life results from a healthy ___________________.
Self-Serving Bias
We accept responsibility for good deeds and successes more than for bad deeds and failures. ___________________ is fragile and egotistic whereas ___________________ is less fragile and less dependent on external evaluation.
COUNCIL #6
Are you an extrovert or an introvert? What are 2 things you dislike about being an extrovert/introvert?
What are 3 great things about being an extrovert or introvert based on your personal experience? How have you used being an extrovert/introvert to your advantage in the “real world”?
What is your understanding of self actualization? Do you want to be self actualized? If so, what steps would you need to take now to help you move into the process of self actualization?
Talk about one person that you know and believe is self actualized. Describe their personality. Explain why you believe they are self actualized.
Personality test (“5 Factor Model Test”): http://users.wmin.ac.uk/~buchant/wwwffi/
Personality
COUNCIL #4
How would you describe what a personality consist of? What external/internal factors contributes to the development of a personality?
Is personality fixed or does it change with time? Explain your answer by providing personal examples of your personality fixations/changes.
How has your culture /society impacted 2 of your personality traits. Explain.
How has your family impacted 3 of your personality traits? Explain.
How has media impacted 2 of your personality traits? Explain.
How have you personally contributed to your own personality traits? Please list 3 traits you taught yourself to have and explain how you taught these traits to yourself.
Personality test (“5 Factor Model Test”): http://users.wmin.ac.uk/~buchant/wwwffi/
____________________________________________________________.
Psychoanalytic Perspective
In his clinical practice, Freud encountered patients suffering from ____________________. Their complaints could not be explained in terms of purely ____________________.
Psychodynamic Perspective
Freud’s clinical experience led him to develop the first comprehensive theory of personality, which included the ____________________________________________________________.
Exploring the Unconscious
A reservoir (____________________) of ______________________________, wishes, feelings, and memories. Freud asked patients to say whatever came to their minds (____________________) in order to __________ unconscious.
Dream Analysis
Another method to analyze the unconscious mind is through interpreting __________and __________ contents of dreams.
Psychoanalysis
The process of __________ (chain of __________) leads to painful, embarrassing unconscious __________. Once these memories are retrieved and released (treatment: ____________________) the patient feels better.
Model of Mind
Personality Structure
Personality develops as a result of our efforts to resolve conflicts between our ____________________ and ____________________.
Id, Ego and Superego
The ___________________ strives to satisfy basic ____________________ drives, operating on the __________ principle, demanding __________ gratification.
Personality Development
Freud believed that personality formed during the first few years of life divided into ____________________. During these stages the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on pleasure sensitive body areas called ____________________.
Psychosexual Stages
____________________
____________________ desire for his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.
A girl’s desire for her father is called the ____________________.
Identification
Children cope with threatening feelings by ________________________________________. Through this process of identification, their ____________________________________________________________.
Defense Mechanisms
The ego’s protective methods of ____________________________________________________________.
Council #5
FREUD’S Psychoanalytic theory
What is your behavior mainly guided by when you are with family (your id, ego or superego)? Please share 1 example to support the analysis of yourself.
What is your behavior mainly guided by when you are at school/work (your id, ego or superego)? Please share 1 example to support the analysis of yourself.
What is your behavior mainly guided by when you are with friends (your id, ego or superego)? Please share 1 example to support the analysis of yourself.
Think about a close friend/family member/significant other. What is their behavior mainly guided by (their id, ego or superego)? How do you two interact considering the roles the id, ego and superego have on each of your behaviors?
Pick 1-2 stages you think your personality is most influenced by the most (oral, anal, phallic, latency, or genital)? What stage would Freud say you were fixated on? Explain your answer.
What 2 defense mechanisms do you know you use often? Please share an example of each.
What do you think about Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory? What do you like and dislike about his theory? Explain.
The Neo-Freudians
Like Freud, Adler believed in childhood tensions. However, these tensions were social in nature and not sexual. A child struggles with an ____________________ during growth and strives for __________ and __________.
The Neo-Freudians
Like Adler, Horney believed in the social aspects of childhood growth and development. Horney, __________ Freud’s assumption that women have ____________________ and suffer from “__________”
The Neo-Freudians
__________ believed in the ____________________, which contained a common reservoir of images derived from our species’ past. This is why many cultures share certain myths and images such as the __________ being a ____________________.
Assessing Unconscious Processes
Evaluating personality from an unconscious mind’s perspective would require a psychological instrument (__________) that would reveal the ____________________ mind.
______________________________ (TAT)
Developed by Henry Murray, the TAT is a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the __________________________________________________.
____________________ Inkblot Test
The most widely used projective test uses a set of 10 inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach. It seeks to identify ____________________ by __________ their __________ of the blots.
Projective Tests: Criticisms
Critics argue that projective tests lack both __________ (consistency of results) and __________ (predicting what it is supposed to).
Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective
Personality ______________________________________ and is not fixed in childhood.
Freud ______________________________________, which may be as powerful as parental influence.
Gender identity may develop ___________________ of age.
Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective
There may be other reasons for dreams besides ___________________.
___________________ can be explained on the basis of ___________________ of verbal choices.
Suppressed sexuality leads to psychological disorders. ___________________ has decreased, but psychological disorders have not.
Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective
Freud's psychoanalytic theory rests on the ___________________of painful experiences into the ___________________ mind.
Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective
The scientific merits of Freud’s theory have been criticized. Psychoanalysis is ___________________. Most of its concepts arise out of clinical practice, which are the ______________________________________.
Humanistic Perspective
By the 1960s, psychologists became discontent with _________________________________________________________.
Self-Actualizing Person
Maslow proposed that we as individuals are ______________________________________. Beginning with physiological needs, we try to reach the state of _________________________________________________________.
Person-Centered Perspective
Carl Rogers also believed in an individual's ___________________ tendencies. He said that ______________________________________ is an ___________________ of others despite their failings.
Assessing the Self
All of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in an answer to the question, “___________________” refers to ___________________.
Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective
Humanistic psychology has a pervasive impact on counseling, education, child-rearing, and management with its emphasis on ______________________________________, empathy, and the thought that people are basically ______________________________________.
Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective
Concepts in humanistic psychology are ___________________ and lack scientific basis.
The individualism encouraged can lead to self-indulgence, selfishness, and an erosion of moral restraints.
Humanistic psychology fails to appreciate the reality of our ___________________. It lacks adequate balance between ________________________________.
The Trait Perspective
An individual’s unique constellation of ___________________ and consistent ways of behaving ___________________ his or her personality.
Biology and Personality
Assessing Traits
___________________ are questionnaires (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors assessing several traits at once.
MMPI
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (___________________) is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
MMPI Test Profile
The Big Five Factors
Today’s trait researchers believe that earlier trait dimensions, such as Eysencks’ personality dimensions, fail to tell the whole story. So, an expanded range (___________________) of traits does a better job of assessment.
Social-Cognitive Perspective
___________________ (1986, 2001, 2005) believes that personality is the result of an interaction that takes place between a person and their social context.
Personal Control
___________________ refers to the perception that chance or ___________________ beyond our personal control determine our fate.
Learned Helplessness
When unable to avoid repeated adverse events an animal or human ___________________.
Optimism vs. Pessimism
An optimistic or pessimistic attributional style is ______________________________________.
Positive Psychology and Humanistic Psychology
Positive psychology, such as humanistic psychology, attempts to foster ___________________. Positive psychology, in addition, seeks ___________________, positive character, and positive ___________________.
Exploring the Self
Research on the self has a long history because the ______________________________________is a critical part of our personality.
Benefits of Self-Esteem
___________________ argued that a successful life results from a healthy ___________________.
Self-Serving Bias
We accept responsibility for good deeds and successes more than for bad deeds and failures. ___________________ is fragile and egotistic whereas ___________________ is less fragile and less dependent on external evaluation.
COUNCIL #6
Are you an extrovert or an introvert? What are 2 things you dislike about being an extrovert/introvert?
What are 3 great things about being an extrovert or introvert based on your personal experience? How have you used being an extrovert/introvert to your advantage in the “real world”?
What is your understanding of self actualization? Do you want to be self actualized? If so, what steps would you need to take now to help you move into the process of self actualization?
Talk about one person that you know and believe is self actualized. Describe their personality. Explain why you believe they are self actualized.
Personality test (“5 Factor Model Test”): http://users.wmin.ac.uk/~buchant/wwwffi/
Wednesday, June 27, 2012
Chapter 2 The Biology of the Mind
Neuroscience and Behavior
Chapter 2 Lecture
Student Learning Outcome Chapter 2: Explain the major divisions of the nervous system and their basic functions.
The Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System
The Central Nervous System
The Brain
Older Brain Structures
The Cerebral Cortex
Neural Communication
The body’s information system is built from ____________________________________________ called neurons.
Neural Communication
Neurobiologists and other investigators understand that humans and animals operate similarly when processing information.
Neuron
A nerve cell, or a neuron, __________________________________________.
Parts of a Neuron
Cell Body: ____________________________ of the neuron.
__________________: _________ extensions at the cell body. Receive messages from other neurons.
_________: __________________ of a neuron, covered with ___________________________ to insulate and __________________ messages through neurons.
Terminal Branches of axon: Branched endings of an axon that __________________ to other neurons.
Action Potential
A __________________. A brief __________________ that travels down an axon and is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membrane.
Action Potential Properties
__________________: A strong stimulus can trigger more neurons to fire, and to fire more often, but it does not affect the action potential’s ___________________________.
_________ of an action potential _________ the same throughout the length of the axon.
Synapse
Synapse [SIN-aps] __________________ the __________________ of the sending neuron and the ___________________________ of the receiving neuron. This tiny gap is called the ___________________________.
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters (_________) released from the sending neuron_________ across the synapse and _________ to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing it to ____________________________________.
Neurotransmitters
Divisions of the Nervous System
The Nervous System
Nervous System: Consists of ___________________________. It is the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication system.
Central Nervous System (CNS): the ___________________________.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): ____________________________________ that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the _________.
Kinds of Neurons
_________ Neurons carry incoming information from the __________________ to the _________.
_________ Neurons carry outgoing information from the _________ to ___________________________.
__________________ connect the two neurons.
The Nerves
Nerves consist of neural “_________” containing many _________. They are part of the __________________ system and connect muscles, glands, and sense organs to the __________________ system.
Example: If you are in a car accident and have to get your _________ amputated, the type of nervous system damage you have suffered is to __________________ system.
Peripheral Nervous System Consists of:
Somatic Nervous System: The _________ division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the ___________________________. Helps people react consciously to environmental changes.
Autonomic Nervous System: __________________ part of the PNS that controls the __________________. This system works __________________ and without voluntary input. An example of autonomic control is movement of food through the _________ tract during sleep.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Consists of:
Sympathetic Nervous System: Division of the ANS that _________ the body, mobilizing its energy in _________situations.
Parasympathetic Nervous System: Division of the ANS that _________ the body, _________ its energy.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Sympathetic NS “Arouses”
(fight-or-flight)
Parasympathetic NS “Calms”
(rest and digest)
Central Nervous System
The Brain: Older Brain Structures
The _________ is the _________ part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. It is responsible for __________________ functions.
Brainstem
The _________ [muh-DUL-uh] is the ___________________________ that controls heartbeat and breathing.
Brainstem
The Thalamus [THAL-uh-muss] is the brain’s __________________, located on __________________. It __________________ to the sensory areas in the cortex and __________________ to the cerebellum and medulla.
Cerebellum
The “__________________” attached to the __________________. It helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance.
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
An amplified recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s surface, measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
PET Scan
_______________________________________________________________
MRI Scan
_______________________________________________________________
The Limbic System
The Limbic System is a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the _____________________________________________, associated with _______________________________________________________________.
It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and __________________.
Amygdala
The Amygdala [ah-MIG-dah-la] consists of two lima bean-sized neural clusters linked to the _____________________________________________.
Hypothalamus
The Hypothalamus lies below (hypo) the thalamus. It directs several __________________ like eating, drinking, body temperature, and control of emotions. It helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.
The Cerebral Cortex
The intricate ____________________________________ that covers the cerebral hemispheres. It is the body’s __________________and ____________________________________.
Structure of the Cortex
Each brain hemisphere is divided into _________ that are separated by prominent fissures. These lobes are the
__________________ (forehead; speaking, muscle movements, planning, judgment);
__________________ [primary sensory cortex] (top to rear head; receives _________ input for touch and body position);
__________________ (back head; receives information from the _________ fields);
__________________ (lies roughly above the ears; _________ information).
Functions of the Cortex
The __________________ is the area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control _________ movements.
The __________________ (in the parietal lobe) receives information from ___________________________.
DVD and Video Clips
Planning, Life Goals, and the Frontal Lobe (6:25)
Frontal Lobes and Behavior: The Story of Phineas Gage (13:42)
http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=1592
Visual Function
The functional MRI scan shows the visual cortex is active as the subject looks at faces.
Auditory Function
The functional MRI scan shows the auditory cortex is active in patients who hallucinate.
Language
The Brain’s Plasticity
The brain is sculpted by our _________ but also by our _________.
_________ refers to the brain’s ability to __________________ after some types of __________________.
Our Divided Brain
Our brain is divided into two hemispheres.
The _________ hemisphere processes ________________________________. In the 1960s, it was termed as the dominant brain.
The _________ hemisphere is dominant for ___________________________.
In normal people, the two hemispheres work together, are connected, and share information through the __________________.
Splitting the Brain
A procedure in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them.
Split Brain Patients
With the corpus callosum _________, objects (apple) presented in the right visual field __________________. Objects (pencil) in the left visual field _________.
Student Learning Outcome Chapter 2: Explain the major divisions of the nervous system and their basic functions.
The Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System
The Central Nervous System
The Brain
Older Brain Structures
The Cerebral Cortex
Neural Communication
The body’s information system is built from ____________________________________________ called neurons.
Neural Communication
Neurobiologists and other investigators understand that humans and animals operate similarly when processing information.
Neuron
A nerve cell, or a neuron, __________________________________________.
Parts of a Neuron
Cell Body: ____________________________ of the neuron.
__________________: _________ extensions at the cell body. Receive messages from other neurons.
_________: __________________ of a neuron, covered with ___________________________ to insulate and __________________ messages through neurons.
Terminal Branches of axon: Branched endings of an axon that __________________ to other neurons.
A __________________. A brief __________________ that travels down an axon and is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membrane.
Action Potential Properties
__________________: A strong stimulus can trigger more neurons to fire, and to fire more often, but it does not affect the action potential’s ___________________________.
_________ of an action potential _________ the same throughout the length of the axon.
Synapse
Synapse [SIN-aps] __________________ the __________________ of the sending neuron and the ___________________________ of the receiving neuron. This tiny gap is called the ___________________________.
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters (_________) released from the sending neuron_________ across the synapse and _________ to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing it to ____________________________________.
Neurotransmitters
Divisions of the Nervous System
The Nervous System
Nervous System: Consists of ___________________________. It is the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication system.
Central Nervous System (CNS): the ___________________________.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): ____________________________________ that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the _________.
Kinds of Neurons
_________ Neurons carry incoming information from the __________________ to the _________.
_________ Neurons carry outgoing information from the _________ to ___________________________.
__________________ connect the two neurons.
The Nerves
Nerves consist of neural “_________” containing many _________. They are part of the __________________ system and connect muscles, glands, and sense organs to the __________________ system.
Example: If you are in a car accident and have to get your _________ amputated, the type of nervous system damage you have suffered is to __________________ system.
Peripheral Nervous System Consists of:
Somatic Nervous System: The _________ division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the ___________________________. Helps people react consciously to environmental changes.
Autonomic Nervous System: __________________ part of the PNS that controls the __________________. This system works __________________ and without voluntary input. An example of autonomic control is movement of food through the _________ tract during sleep.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Consists of:
Sympathetic Nervous System: Division of the ANS that _________ the body, mobilizing its energy in _________situations.
Parasympathetic Nervous System: Division of the ANS that _________ the body, _________ its energy.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Sympathetic NS “Arouses”
(fight-or-flight)
Parasympathetic NS “Calms”
(rest and digest)
Central Nervous System
The Brain: Older Brain Structures
The _________ is the _________ part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. It is responsible for __________________ functions.
Brainstem
The _________ [muh-DUL-uh] is the ___________________________ that controls heartbeat and breathing.
Brainstem
The Thalamus [THAL-uh-muss] is the brain’s __________________, located on __________________. It __________________ to the sensory areas in the cortex and __________________ to the cerebellum and medulla.
Cerebellum
The “__________________” attached to the __________________. It helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance.
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
An amplified recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s surface, measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
PET Scan
_______________________________________________________________
MRI Scan
_______________________________________________________________
The Limbic System
The Limbic System is a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the _____________________________________________, associated with _______________________________________________________________.
It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and __________________.
Amygdala
The Amygdala [ah-MIG-dah-la] consists of two lima bean-sized neural clusters linked to the _____________________________________________.
Hypothalamus
The Hypothalamus lies below (hypo) the thalamus. It directs several __________________ like eating, drinking, body temperature, and control of emotions. It helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.
The Cerebral Cortex
The intricate ____________________________________ that covers the cerebral hemispheres. It is the body’s __________________and ____________________________________.
Structure of the Cortex
Each brain hemisphere is divided into _________ that are separated by prominent fissures. These lobes are the
__________________ (forehead; speaking, muscle movements, planning, judgment);
__________________ [primary sensory cortex] (top to rear head; receives _________ input for touch and body position);
__________________ (back head; receives information from the _________ fields);
__________________ (lies roughly above the ears; _________ information).
Functions of the Cortex
The __________________ is the area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control _________ movements.
The __________________ (in the parietal lobe) receives information from ___________________________.
DVD and Video Clips
Planning, Life Goals, and the Frontal Lobe (6:25)
Frontal Lobes and Behavior: The Story of Phineas Gage (13:42)
http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=1592
Visual Function
The functional MRI scan shows the visual cortex is active as the subject looks at faces.
Auditory Function
The functional MRI scan shows the auditory cortex is active in patients who hallucinate.
Language
The Brain’s Plasticity
The brain is sculpted by our _________ but also by our _________.
_________ refers to the brain’s ability to __________________ after some types of __________________.
Our Divided Brain
Our brain is divided into two hemispheres.
The _________ hemisphere processes ________________________________. In the 1960s, it was termed as the dominant brain.
The _________ hemisphere is dominant for ___________________________.
In normal people, the two hemispheres work together, are connected, and share information through the __________________.
Splitting the Brain
A procedure in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them.
Split Brain Patients
With the corpus callosum _________, objects (apple) presented in the right visual field __________________. Objects (pencil) in the left visual field _________.
Tuesday, June 26, 2012
Chapter 15 Social Psychology - Council 2 & 3
Social Psychology Psychology 1,
Chapter 15
Focuses in Social Psychology Attributing Behavior to Persons or to Situations
Attribution Theory: Fritz Heider (1958) suggested that we have a tendency to give causal explanations for someone’s behavior, often by______________________________________________
Attributing Behavior to Persons or to Situations A teacher may wonder whether a child’s hostility reflects an aggressive personality (_______________________attribution) or is a reaction to stress or abuse _______________________ (attribution).
Fundamental Attribution Error The tendency to _____________________________________________________________________ the impact of the situations in analyzing the behaviors of others leads to the fundamental attribution error.
Role Playing Affects Attitudes Zimbardo (1972) assigned the roles of guards and prisoners to random students and found that ___________________________________________________________________ Every culture has:
Social roles – Culturally determined guidelines of _______________ that is expected of people, many different _________
Social norms – __________________ provided by every culture for judging acceptable and unacceptable behavior (spoken and unspoken rules).
Social Influence The greatest contribution of social psychology is its study of attitudes, beliefs, decisions, and actions and the way they are molded by social influence.
Conformity & Obedience Behavior is contagious, modeled by one followed by another. We follow behavior of others to ______________________
Other behaviors may be an expression of compliance (obedience) toward authority.
Group Pressure &; Conformity An influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality.
Council 2
1. List 2 social roles you play out either in your family or work. Discuss how 1 of these impacts your behavior. Share how this social role may influence your overall personality.
2. Think about a time when you felt pressure to conform to a social role or norm. What was the role or norm that was expected of you? What kind of pressure did you feel (how was it expressed)? How did you respond to it?
3. Think about a time when you realized that the image you had of yourself changed. What changed about how you saw yourself, and what made it change? How did your attitude toward yourself change afterward? What about your attitude toward others?
4. What are your thoughts, do people conform on a regular/irregular basis? Are we mindless zombies? Explain your answer. Deindividuation The loss of ______________________________________ in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
Groupthink A mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for ______________ in a decision-making group _______________________________ appraisal of alternatives.
Prejudice Simply called “prejudgment,” a prejudice is an ___________________________________________ toward a group and its members.
Prejudice is often directed towards different cultural, ethnic, or gender groups. Reign of Prejudice Prejudice works at the conscious and [more at] the unconscious level. Therefore, prejudice is more like a ______________________________________________________________________
How Prejudiced are People?
Over the duration of time many prejudices against interracial marriage, gender, homosexuality, and minorities have decreased. Racial &; Gender Prejudice Americans today express much less racial and gender prejudice, but prejudices still exist. Race Nine out of ten white respondents were slow when responding to words like “peace” or “paradise” when they saw a black individual’s photo compared to a white individual’s photo (Hugenberg & Bodenhausen, 2003). Gender Most women still live in more poverty than men. About 100,000,000 women are missing in the world. There is a preference for male children in China and India, even with sex-selected abortion outlawed. Social Roots of Prejudice
Why does prejudice arise?
Social Inequality Prejudice develops when people have money, power, and prestige, and _______________________. _______________________________ increases prejudice. Us and
Them Ingroup: People with whom one shares a _____________________________. Outgroup:
Those perceived as different from one’s ingroup.
Ingroup Bias: The tendency to ________________________________ Emotional Roots of Prejudice Prejudice provides an outlet for ____________________] by providing someone to ___________.
After 9/11 many people lashed out against innocent Arab-Americans.
Council #3
1. Think of a time you were treated based on a stereotype someone had of your group (this can be based on your ethnicity, gender, sexuality, religion). Explain what was said to you and how you responded.
2. How did you feel about what was said?. How did you respond? How has this situation impacted your view on the world, others, or yourself?
3. Share a story of when you have actively, peacefully, and maturely combated a stereotype you experienced. Describe what was said and your approach in resolving the issue. If this question does not apply, imagine and state how you would have responded to maturely to question #1 and #2.
4. Lets challenge society to be more accepting by modeling accepting and loving behavior. You in? Describe one way you can challenge one of your own stereotypes/prejudice.
Monday, June 25, 2012
Chapter 1 Introduction to Psychology - Council 1
COUNCIL #1
Play the name game (name + 2 favorite people in the world).
Tell your group members your name, major, career goals.
What are 3 things you wish people could know about you when they first meet you but wont know about you until they get to know you?
Discuss 4 things you would love to do if money and time were available to you. Please describe each.
What is your earliest memory? Paint a picture of this memory using words by describing what you saw, heard, smelled, tasted, etc. Describe what happened.
State 2 things you enjoyed about council today.
Obtain the email/number of each of your council members
The required textbook
for this course is
David Myers’
Exploring
Psychology,
Eighth Edition
(©2010, Worth)
(bundled in the bookstore with the Scientific American Reader)
ISBN-10: 1429216352
ISBN-13: 978-1429216357
GUIDELINES FOR STUDYING PSYCHOLOGY
Learn the ____________ who developed theories (ideas) in Psychology.
Learn theories well (understand each concept).
Learn ____________ within theories.
Research the advantages and disadvantages of theories to develop your critical thinking.
Review your notes and/or book ____________ before every class!
Write down ____________ learned during lecture, ask your ____________ define words for your or look them up, and practice using them immediately.
Student Learning Outcome, Chapter 1:
Explain the steps of the scientific method and how it helps distinguish science from _________________.
Lecture Overview
What is Psychology?
Psychology’s Roots
Contemporary Psychology
Why Do Psychology?
What About Intuition and Common Sense?
The Scientific Attitude
Critical Thinking
How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?
The Scientific Method
Description
Correlation
Experimentation
Psychology’s Roots
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
Aristotle, a naturalist and philosopher, theorized about psychology’s concepts. He suggested that the _______________________________ and that ____________________________.
Psychological Science is Born
________ and psychology’s first graduate students studied the “atoms of the mind” by conducting experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in 1879. This work is considered the birth of psychology as we know it today.
Psychological Science is Born
American philosopher ___________ wrote an important psychology textbook in 1890.
__________, James’s student, became the APA’s first female president
Psychological Science is Born
_________________, an Austrian physician, and his followers emphasized the importance of the _________________ and its effects on human ___________.
Psychological Science is Born
Psychology originated in many disciplines and countries. It was, until the 19____, defined as the ________________________________.
Psychological Science Develops
Behaviorist
__________________________________ emphasized the study of _________ behavior as the subject matter of scientific psychology.
Psychological Science Develops
Humanistic Psychology
__________________________________ emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential and our need for __________________________________.
Talk to a partner
How would you define psychology?
Psychology Today
We define psychology today as the __________________________________ (what we do) and _________________ (inner thoughts and feelings).
Psychology’s Big Question
____________ (Biology) versus _____________ (Environment)
Today’s psychologists explore the nature-nurture issue by asking questions such as:
Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis
chart in book
Psychology’s Subfields: Research
chart in book
Psychology’s Subfields: Research
chart in book
Psychology’s Subfields: Applied
chart in book
Psychology’s Subfields: Applied
chart in book
Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry
A clinical psychologist (Ph.D.) studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with psychotherapy.
Psychiatrists on the other hand are medical professionals (M.D.) who use treatments like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients.
ACTIVITY
Write down 1-3 question on a piece of paper that is related to your interest or curiosity in Psychology.
Please do not ask “What is Psychology?”
Why Do Psychology?
The science of psychology helps make these examined conclusions, which leads to our understanding of how people ____________________________
The Scientific Attitude
Critical Thinking
Critical thinking does not accept arguments and _________________.
It examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, _________________ and assesses conclusions.
Critical Thinking
How can you engage in critical thinking and be a skeptical consumer of information when you are reading a news report or listening to a conversation?
Ask questions!
How do they know that?
What is this person’s _______?
Is the conclusion based on anecdote and gut feelings, or on evidence?
Does the evidence _______ a cause-effect conclusion?
What ___________ explanations are possible?
How Do Psychologists Ask & Answer Questions?
Psychologists, like all scientists, use the _____________________ construct theories that _______, summarize and simplify ______________. The scientific method helps facilitate critical thinking.
Revisit
What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?
Theory
A _______ is an explanation that integrates principles and organizes and _______ behavior or events.
For example, ____________________________ to depression.
Hypothesis
A _______ is a testable statement that describes the ____________________________ or more _______. Note: the hypothesis below is measurable!
People with ___________________________________ more depressed.
Research Observations
Research would require us to administer tests of self-esteem and depression. Individuals who score_______ on a self-esteem test and _______ on a depression test would confirm our hypothesis.
RESEARCH METHODS
Descriptive
Survey, Naturalistic Observation
Correlation
Correlation coefficient
Correlation does not equal causation!
Formal Experiment (a.k.a. Experiment)
control group, experimental group
Descriptive Methods of Research
Case Study
Survey
A technique for ascertaining the _____________________, opinions or behaviors of people usually done by questioning a ______________, random sample of people.
Naturalistic Observation
Observing and recording the behavior of ______________and recording self-seating patterns in a multiracial school lunch room constitute naturalistic observation.
ANOTHER TYPE OF RESEARCH METHOD: CORRELATION
Correlation Coefficient is a ______________ of the relationship between______________.
Tuesday, February 21, 2012
Spring 2013 Syllabus
Psychology 1 – Introduction
to Psychology
Course Syllabus
3 Units
Instructor: Joanna Aguirre, M.S. Psy., M.F.T.
Spring 2013
Email: joannaaguirre@rocketmail.com
323-780-6809
Section # 7856 Wednesday 3:10 p.m. - 6: 20 p.m. Room: TBA
Office hours: Wednesday 6: 20 p.m. - 6: 50 p.m. Room: TBA
ELAC Official Course Description/Objective:
“This course explores the scientific principles of psychology, and
applies scientific research to aid the student in understanding the development
of personality and the achievement of a fulfilling life style. Insight is acquired into emotional
patterns, mental health and illness, human relationships, the functioning of
intelligence, learning, problem solving, motivation, and the physiological
basis of behavior.” (ELAC General Catalog).
General
Education Student Learning Objective: "The student will
be able to apply critical thinking methods to the ways that individuals or
societies behave or have behaved, in a particular situation, event, or series
of events, within their own or among other societies."
Student Learning Objectives:
SLO
1: Explain
the steps of the scientific method and how it helps distinguish science from
pseudoscience.
SLO
2: Explain
the major divisions of the nervous system and their basic functions.
SLO 3: Assess
the strengths and weaknesses of Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning,
and Observational Learning.
SLO 4: Identify
and evaluate the major theories of personality and demonstrate how each has
played a role in your life.
Requirements:
Text: Exploring
Psychology by David Myers Eighth Edition ©2011
ISBN-10: 1-4292-1635-2
ISBN-13: 978-1-4292-1635-7
ISBN-13: 978-1-4292-1635-7
Pop quizzes: 4 unwrinkled
scantrons FORM NO. 882-E and a #2 pencil
Daily: Printed
class notes (obtained on ACE)
1
larger Blue Book
Expectations:
Having a college education assists us in developing and
maintaining critical thinking skills. The college experience should nurture,
encourage, and support you as a student to exercise critical thinking as you apply
academic knowledge into practice.
As the instructor, I will encourage critical thinking based
discussions around the self, family, work, politics, neighborhood and worldly
issues as they relate to Psychology.
I encourage the class to be a safe space to discuss your life
experiences as they connect to Psychological theories.
The expectation placed on students is to share their knowledge and
experiences, participate in group activities (i.e. in class assignments and council),
discussions, brainstorming, and to proactively study the material before and
after coming to class. In other words, I will clarify and teach psychological
theory, and you will teach the class about your knowledge and experiences as
you integrate your life and worldly experience with ideas learned in this
Psychology course.
I expect students to be respectful toward one another, as well as
to the process of council. More
information about council will be provided on ACE.
This class
focuses on communal learning, group projects and a great deal of social interaction.
The goal is to help you develop a strong academic community as you learn useful
theories in Psychology. As your Instructor, I hope to facilitate a deeper
understanding of the world, society, culture, family, and yourself. The class
will consist of several activities that focus on use of internet, small group
discussions, class discussion and interactive exercises. I believe learning can be a pleasurable
experience, and aim at creating a class culture that encourages this positivity.
Expect to have tons of fun while learning about Psychology, yourself and your
fellow students.
Please be
advised. I am a mandated reporter when teaching to students under the age of
18. Therefore, if I hear about or suspect a student who may be currently
experiencing abuse (be it emotional, physical, neglect, or witnessing domestic
violence), I am legally required to make a report to the Department of Children
and Family Services.
Blog: Please print your class notes, and bring to class weekly. They
are available at http://elacpsychology.blogspot.com/
Keeping in touch with me: I
encourage you to drop by during my office hours if you have any questions about
the readings or other assignments. The best way to contact me is through
my email address listed at the beginning of this syllabus. I check my email
frequently, and will get back to you as soon as possible. I don not check email
late at night, so if you email me at 10 pm or midnight, I will not respond
until sometime the next day. When you
send me emails, be sure to include your ENTIRE NAME, the course name (e.g. ELAC
Psych 1 @ 3 p.m.) in the subject heading—I will not receive them unless this is
in the subject heading. Always include this if you want me to respond.
Assignments & Exams (refer to course
schedule for due dates):
Pop quizzes: There will be four
non-cumulative pop quizzes consisting of approximately 10-20 questions (these
questions may consist of a mix of multiple choice, fill in the blank, and/or
short essay questions). Each quiz
is worth 10 points. The quiz will be given at the beginning of class. PLEASE
ARRIVE EARLY! You will have 15 minutes to complete each quiz. You Instructor will usually give you an advanced
notice before a pop quiz is given.
Make-up
Quizzes: No make-up
quizzes will be given for unexcused absences. Excused absences will require
appropriate documentation that clearly indicates the reason(s) you were unable
to take the quiz at the scheduled time (e.g., note from emergency room, car
accident report). You must inform your
Instructor about missing a quiz on the date of, the day before or the day after
the quiz. Documentation needs to include
your doctor’s contact information, which will be used to verify your absence.
Make-up quizzes will be different than the missed quiz and must be taken the
following class session; unless the instructor has predetermined a
different day and time for the make up quiz. Failure to follow these procedures
will result in a “0” on the quiz.
Psychology Video Project: This will be a group project consisting
of your council group members. The presentation should total to 6-12 minutes. Each group will create a video
production regarding a Psychological Theory or 3 - 5 psychological ideas, which
will be assigned to your group by your instructor. Students will be creative and develop a skit,
dance, rap, or role-play situation and demonstrate “mastery” as they
demonstrate full competence of the psychological concept via their video
production.
The goal here is to:
A) Clearly define the Psychological theory
and/or idea as the book does (use proper APA citation and spelling).
B) Teach it to your audience as if they
have never learnt this idea.
C) Provide an accurate, clear, creative
and entertaining example of the idea. Please ensure that we do not perpetuate
racist, classist, sexist, and/pr heterosexist ideas. This video should be
consciousness raising - we will perpetuate positive psychology!
In addition, after the
video is shown in class, each group member may be asked to speak about
discussing strengths and weaknesses of their production and demonstrate full
and accurate understanding of their chosen concept.
Be as creative and
professional as possible! It is
recommended that each file be saved to a flash drive, a windows media file,
DVD, or equivalent. Please provide me with a DVD with your groups Video Project
saved onto it on the day your group presents. Each group should test their
video ahead of time to make sure it plays and has sound. All group members should arrive on time
and ready to present!
Psychology Video Projects will be graded on of 0 (low) – 5 (high) for
each areas totaling up to 50 points::
1. quality of video
2. effort
3. teamwork/group cohesion
4. creativity
5. subject mastery & delivery
6. completeness
7. accuracy of concepts
8. consciousness
raising
9. staying within time
10. students self grading
Council Group: There will be 10
council group meetings, and a blue book assignment, totaling to 50 points.
There is no possible way to make-up a council experience. If you were absent on
the day of council, you will not earn points for that missed council. However, if you are absent on the day a
council is held, you will be allowed up to one excused absence with proper
medical documentation. You must provide proper excused absence documentation is
turned in to your instructor within a week of missed class session. Failure
to follow these procedures will result in a “0” on this assignment.
Total breakdown of points:
40 points 4
non-cumulative quizzes
5 points TBA
assignment
5 points TBA
assignment
50 points Video
Project
50 points Council
participation
= 150 points
Grading:
A = 89-100% B
= 77-88% C
= 65-76% D
= 53-64% F
= 52% and lower
Policies:
Attendance: Students are
expected to attend class and be on time.
If a student misses 2 or more class, he/she is risking being dropped
from the class by the instructor. Students must speak with Instructor if issues
with attendance and timeliness become an issue.
ELAC’s Official Policy on Academic Honesty
Students are expected to refrain from engaging in
the following behaviors:
1. Using, receiving, or providing unauthorized information
during tests or on any written assignments.
2. Changing answers on assignments after work has been
graded.
3. Using unauthorized electronic devices, such as cell
phones, PDAs, electronic dictionaries, IPODs, etc.
4. Having another student take an examination for you or
taking an examination for another student. Photo identification may be required
at the first examination.
5. Plagiarizing or presenting someone else’s work as your
own.
6. Forging or altering registration documents, grades, or add
permits.
7. Bribing or attempting to bribe an instructor or other
college official for grade consideration or other special favors.
8. Violating any other standard that an instructor identifies
as cheating in that particular course or subject area.
When there
is evidence of academic dishonesty, the instructor may issue the student a zero
or “F” on that particular assignment or test. The instructor may also initiate
student discipline. Any student concerned about the implementation of this
policy should review the College Catalog Student Information, where he/she will
find references to the Student Grievance Procedure and relevant Board Rules.
Student Resources at
ELAC
A major part of your ability to do well and
succeed in this class, and in all your classes at East Los Angeles College, is
to be aware of and make use of all the resources available to you as students.
The ELAC website (http://www.elac.edu/) is a great place to get information on
all the support, academic counseling, financial assistance, student health
center, and other help available to you. More information on all of these
programs is available on the ELAC website.
Course Schedule:
Chapter Topic Assignment
Due
1 Thinking
Critically With
Psychological Science
15 Social
Psychology Quiz
#1
2 The
Biology of Mind Quiz
#2
12 Personality Quiz
#3
7 Learning
Quiz
#4
10 Motivation
(Focus on sexuality) Group
Video Project due:
Wednesday
3 Consciousness Final
– in class assignment Bring
Blue book
Thursday
May 29, 2013
3:10
p.m. – 5:10 p.m.
Final Exam Schedule:
http://www.elac.edu/schedules/2013/spring/FinalExamSchedule.pdf
*No class: Spring Break March 29, 2013 –
April 5, 2013
*Please be
advised; syllabi changes may be made during the span of this course. Students will be notified during class,
at which point it is the student’s responsibility to make changes to his/her
syllabi.
**I look forward
to facilitate critical thought, mindfulness, and positivity! J
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